![]() A more pragmatic approach would be to use the current liquid fuels infrastructure with cleaner burning, renewable fuels that have the potential to be carbon neutral, such as low carbon alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol). These technologies appear attractive at the vehicle-level but have many challenges regarding life cycle emissions and lack of infrastructure. ![]() Many alternative technologies are being evaluated to replace the ICE, such as hydrogen fuel cells and battery electrics. Transportation has historically been powered by the internal combustion engine (ICE). The demand for transportation energy is growing and thus improving the efficiency and reducing the pollutant emissions from this energy sector is critical. ![]() Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States. ![]()
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